The population reached its historic high of 2.1 million in 1921, but declined for the rest of the century. Between the two wars, Paris was the capital of modern art and a magnet for intellectuals, writers and artists from around the world. In the 20th century, Paris suffered bombardment in World War I and German occupation from 1940 until 1944 in World War II. In the latter part of the century, millions of tourists came to see the Paris International Expositions and the new Eiffel Tower. Under Napoleon III and his Prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, the centre of Paris was rebuilt between 18 with wide new avenues, squares and new parks, and the city was expanded to its present limits in 1860.

It became the European capital of fashion and the scene of two more revolutions (in 18). In the 19th century, Napoleon embellished the city with monuments to military glory. In the 18th century, Paris was the centre of the intellectual ferment known as the Enlightenment, and the main stage of the French Revolution from 1789, which is remembered every year on the 14th of July with a military parade. In the 16th century, Paris became the book-publishing capital of Europe, though it was shaken by the French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Protestants. Between 14, the city was occupied by the Burgundians and English soldiers.

It suffered from the Bubonic Plague in the 14th century and the Hundred Years' War in the 15th century, with recurrence of the plague.

The University of Paris on the Left Bank, organised in the mid-13th century, was one of the first in Europe. The town was Christianised in the 3rd century AD, and after the collapse of the Roman Empire, it was occupied by Clovis I, the King of the Franks, who made it his capital in 508.ĭuring the Middle Ages, Paris was the largest city in Europe, an important religious and commercial centre, and the birthplace of the Gothic style of architecture. In 52 BC, a Roman army led by Titus Labienus defeated the Parisii and established a Gallo-Roman garrison town called Lutetia. īetween 250 and 225 BC, the Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, settled on the banks of the Seine, built bridges and a fort, minted coins, and began to trade with other river settlements in Europe. The oldest traces of human occupation in Paris, discovered in 2008 near the Rue Henri-Farman in the 15th arrondissement, are human bones and evidence of an encampment of hunter-gatherers dating from about 8000 BC, during the Mesolithic period.

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